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Risk explained
Please remember the value of your investments can fall as well as rise. You may get back less than you originally invested.
When thinking about how to invest your money, you should try to understand the level of risk involved and how much you are comfortable with. It's also important to think about how long you want to hold your investment. It's a good idea to invest for at least the medium to long-term, which could be at least 5 to 10 years.
What is risk?
When you’re thinking about investing, you'll need to be clear about how you feel about risk and how able you are to take losses. Some of us are very unsettled by the idea of the value of investments falling. Others are happier to take the risk of ups and downs in the stock market.
Your attitude to risk
A number of factors affect how able you are to accept the risk of losses. These include how long you plan to invest, your age and health, your income level, your investment goals, the source of your money, and how much of your total assets are invested. For example, if your investment is funded by an unexpected windfall, you may be willing to accept a higher level of risk than if you were using your life savings.
Types of risk
To get the most out of your savings ideally you want to beat inflation with higher returns than you might get from a normal savings account. Inflation is a general rise in prices across a wide range of goods and services. You may want to do this at a level of risk you're comfortable with.
Generally, the more risk you take, the greater the potential rewards, although this is not guaranteed. But everyone feels differently about risk, so here’s an overview of the main points to consider:
1. Interest rate risk
If you save your money in a fixed rate account you might earn less interest than the market average if savings rates rise. On the other hand, if market rates fall, your fixed rate might be higher than others that are offered.
2. Inflation risk
It's likely that you know how inflation affects your money. Imagine if you put money in an account earning 2% interest per year, but inflation was at 3% over the same time. Your original investment increased in value but its buying power went down by 1%.
3. Capital risk
As a general rule, if you aim for higher returns you must be willing to take a higher risk. This is because where higher returns can potentially be earned there is also a greater chance of a drop in the value of your investment.
You need to find a balance between the risk to your capital that you can cope with and the returns you need to reach your investment goals.
4. Market risk
This is the risk of a fall in the stock market of the country where your money is invested. When an index such as the FTSE 100 falls, most shares usually fall too. Some by more than the average, some by less, but a few will buck the overall trend.
You might think about investing gradually, such as on a monthly basis, to smooth out big changes in the price you pay. Or if you’re investing over a period of at least five years there may be time to recover from any market losses. It’s important to remember that you may not get back the original amount you invested if investment markets fall.
5. Performance risk
Similar funds may vary in how they perform due to differences between assets selected by each fund. Funds aiming for high performance may vary more than those with a more cautious approach to investing.
Spreading your risk
Asset classes and diversification
An asset class is a category of investments, or economic resources, that shares typical features and behaves in a similar way. Each asset type has its own level of risk and return and will perform differently in any given market environment.
1. Cash
Cash deposited in banks or building societies earns interest and is the least risky asset type. Its buying power can fall over time due to inflation.
2. Bonds and Gilts
Bonds and Gilts are loans to companies and governments respectively, and are also sometimes known as fixed-interest securities. They pay interest at a fixed rate over a fixed term. The original loan amount is also repaid at the end of the term. They tend to be classed as lower risk than shares but their value can be affected by the financial strength of the company or government that issues them. Interest rates can also affect their value.
3. Property
Investing in property can be direct or indirect. The second of these could be a Unit Trust invested in commercial property, for example. Overall, the risks and potential returns tend to be higher than for bonds or cash. However, property is a limited market and the time needed to buy and sell can mean that property takes longer to cash in.
4. Shares
Owning a share of a company will earn a share of any income or capital paid out. They tend to carry a higher risk than the asset classes listed above. Share value can be affected by changes inside the company and also in the markets they trade in. However, shares also have the potential to deliver greater returns.
5. Commodities
Physical goods such as gold, oil or crops. They often carry a higher risk than shares because their prices can be harder to forecast, as prices rise and fall due to unpredictable events such as natural disasters and political unrest. However, because their prices can move differently to other assets it can make sense to invest in these alongside shares and bonds as they can help to balance your portfolio.
6. Diversification
You may not want to put all your eggs in one basket. Investing in a range of assets in different sectors and markets can help to balance out the ups and downs of the stock market, as any poor performance by some investments may be offset by gains in others, which may reduce the risk of loss.
Investing in managed funds can be an easy way to build a diversified portfolio as they tend to include a variety of asset types.
What are the risks involved with international shares?
Dealing on foreign markets will involve different risks from UK markets - in some cases the risks may be greater.
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Culture |
Language and cultural differences between the UK and foreign markets may mean that there is a lack of information, or difficulty in obtaining information you may consider important to your trading decisions. |
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Currency Risks |
Any potential profit or loss from your trade in foreign markets may be affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. |
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Economy and Politics |
Economic or political factors such as inflation or interest rate fluctuations in the UK could affect overseas markets. The general economic outlook and market conditions may differ considerably between the UK and foreign markets causing them to be less – or more – favourable. |
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Emerging Markets |
Emerging markets tend to be less developed than in the UK leading to greater volatility in securities pricing. The value of your investments could, as a result, change quickly. |
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Shareholder Rights |
You may find, as a shareholder, you are excluded from some shareholder rights and benefits because you are resident in a different jurisdiction from that of the company you have invested in. An example would be participating in corporate events such as a Rights Issue. You may find you are not treated in the same way as other shareholders and could suffer losses as a result. |
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Taxation |
Tax laws overseas differ from those in the UK. Tax authorities in many countries will take a larger amount of tax than they would in the UK because of higher rates. Remember that ISAs and SIPPs will only shelter you from UK tax. How tax is calculated abroad could therefore affect the value of, and returns from, any foreign investments. |
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Trading and Settlement |
Foreign markets may trade at a lower volume than in the UK and this reduced liquidity may make it more difficult to sell shares you have bought. It could also cause delays with settlement. |
Bank of Scotland Share Dealing Service is operated by Halifax Share Dealing Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 3195646. Registered Office: Trinity Road, Halifax, West Yorkshire HX1 2RG. Authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority under registration number 183332. A Member of the London Stock Exchange and an HM Revenue & Customs Approved ISA Manager.